![]() They include inhibition of GABA receptors and cholinergic receptors in addition to adenosine receptor inhibition, intracellular calcium mobilization and actions on adrenergic, dopaminergic and phosphodiesterase systems. However, at high systemic drug concentrations, the pharmacodynamic actions of caffeine become more complex and worrisome. High doses of caffeine may produce better control of apnea. The toxicity threshold is ill-defined and possibly as high as 60 mg/L which can be lethal in adults. At these low levels, caffeine competitively inhibits adenosine receptors (A1 and A2A). Thresholds of measurable efficacy on respiratory drive have been documented at plasma levels around 2 mg/L. Caffeine has wide interindividual pharmacodynamic variability and a wide therapeutic index in preterm newborns. Switching between parenteral and oral administration requires no dose adjustments. Caffeine is rapidly absorbed with complete bioavailability following oral dosing. Electronic address: plasma elimination half-life of caffeine in the newborn is approximately 100 h. Electronic address: 2 Division of Neonatology and the Neonatal Clinical and Translational Pharmacology Research Laboratory, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA Department of Pediatrics & Ophthalmology, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Clinical & Translational, Research Labs, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 49, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. Electronic address: 1 Division of Neonatology and the Neonatal Clinical and Translational Pharmacology Research Laboratory, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA Professor of Pediatrics and Ophthalmology and Director of Neonatology PI/Director: New York Pediatric Developmental Pharmacology Research Consortium Program Director: Neonatal -Perinatal Medicine Fellowship State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 49 Brooklyn, New York City, NY, 11203, USA. 1 Division of Neonatology and the Neonatal Clinical and Translational Pharmacology Research Laboratory, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA Professor of Pediatrics and Ophthalmology and Director of Neonatology PI/Director: New York Pediatric Developmental Pharmacology Research Consortium Program Director: Neonatal -Perinatal Medicine Fellowship State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 49 Brooklyn, New York City, NY, 11203, USA.Find out more about that in our drug half-life calculator. Check our generation time calculator to learn how exponential growth is both useful and a problem in laboratories! Also, we use a similar concept in pharmacology, and we call it the "drug half-life". ![]() Half-life is a similar concept to doubling time in biology.
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